Analogue Electronics

This unit introduces operational amplifiers as fundamental building blocks of analogue electronic systems. Students will explore the ideal op-amp model and analyse key circuit configurations such as single-ended and differential amplifiers, integrators, differentiators, summing amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers. The unit then extends to examine non-ideal op-amp characteristics, including saturation, input offset voltage, bias currents, finite open-loop gain, and limited gain–bandwidth product, highlighting their impact on practical circuit performance.



In the latter part of the unit, students are introduced to semiconductor discrete devices at an introductory level, including zener diodes, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Practical design considerations such as biasing, stability, and amplifier configuration are addressed using selected device examples, enabling students to connect theoretical concepts with hands-on circuit implementation and testing.